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METAR Decoding in Europe
14.09.2006
Basic Met Reports
An aerodrome TAF is a forecast - it will give the predicted weather conditions expected at an aerodrome, usually for a 9 or 24 hour period. The standard 9 hour TAF is updated and reissued every three hours. |
METAR - Aerodrome Actual Met Report The METAR is a report giving the actual weather conditions at an aerodrome at the time of the report. METAR's are issued every 30 minutes during the opening hours of the aerodrome. |
As TAF information is of little use in our operations I will not explain the decoding of these messages here but will concentrate on METAR information. The codes used in both however are broadly similar and it should not be difficult to decode a TAF if you are happy with the format of a METAR signal.
METAR Decode
A European METAR signal may comprise up to 10 components - preceded by a 3 component identifier.
1. Report Type - METAR Example: METAR EHAM 1050Z
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1. Wind |
Let us look at a typical example:
METAR EHAM 1050Z 24015KT 9000 RA SCT025 BKN040 10/09 Q1010 NOSIG
Note here that not all the 10 weather components are shown. If no data is recorded at the time of observation then certain fields (RVR, weather, wind shear) may be omitted altogether. In addition the cloud component may be used more than once if several cloud layers are present.
I'll continue with a more detailed description of each field and we shall come back to the METAR for EHAM (Amsterdam) at the end.
METAR Component Decode
Wind is given as direction in degrees true followed by the average wind speed. If the wind is gusting this will be shown by a further group of figures preceded by the letter G. Example: 24015G27KT this indicates that the average wind is 240 at 15 kts but gusts to 27 kts are recorded. If the wind is calm then 00000KT will be shown. A variable wind direction will be shown by VRB e.g. VRB02KT would indicate that the wind was only 2 kts but would not be blowing from any fixed direction. If the wind is greater than 3 kt and the direction is varying by 60 degrees or more then the actual values must be recorded. Example: 31015G27KT 280V360 shows that the wind is blowing from the northwest at 15 kts with gusts to 27 kts but that the wind direction is varying from 280 to 360 degrees. Not very nice... |
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2. Visibility
Visibility is recorded as a four figure group in metres (2000 metres is roughly 1 nm).
If local conditions vary greatly then two groups may be displayed showing the visibility variation in different sectors e.g. |
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3. RVR (Runway Visual Range) Runway Visual Range is an indication of the real visibility as measured down the runway either electronically or manually. RVR is taken when the Met visibility drops below 1500 metres and it will therefore only be shown occasionally in METAR reports. RVR visibility will always be prefixed by the letter R followed by the runway for which the value has been taken. Example: R24/1200- RVR for runway 24 is 1200 metres It may be of interest to you to know that the RVR value recorded is significant to pilot operations. If the RVR value is below that published for the approach procedure then the aircraft CANNOT MAKE AN APPROACH. The aircraft must either remain in the holding pattern until the weather improves or it must divert. |
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4. Weather
Weather is identified by one or more two letter groups. The full list is not very long so I shall include them all here - even the more obscure phenomena
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5. Cloud Usually this is a six figure group and one that most of you will already recognise. The group consists of three letters that describe the cloud cover followed by three figures for cloud height ABOVE AERODROME LEVEL. Cloud amount is given as;
Cloud height is given by the next three figures which show the altitude in hundreds of feet. i.e. 040 is 4000 ft, 004 is 400 feet, 200 is 20,000 ft. Examples:
SCT020- Scattered at 2000 ft. A METAR may contain several cloud layers so you may get:SCT025 BKN070 BKN120 - showing scattered cloud at 2500 ft, broken cloud at 7000 feet and again at 12,000 feet.
SKC(Sky Clear) will be used if no cloud layers are observed.
In conditions of fog when the cloud cover cannot be seen then the vertical visibility will be reported using VV as the code. |
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6. Temperature and Dew Point Temperature and Dew Point are both measured in Centigrade. A minus value is preceded by the letter M. Examples:
25/12 = Temp 25°C, Dew Point 12°C, or |
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7. QNH (Barometric Pressure) QNH is rounded down to the next whole millibar and reported as a four figure group preceded by Q. If the value is less than 1000mbs then the first digit will be 0. Examples; Q0996, Q1030. To explain this further may I just add that if you set the QNH value on your altimeter then the height displayed on the instrument will be your height above sea level. If you are on the ramp then your altimeter should read airport elevation. One other side factor of pressure is on aircraft performance. If QNH is low then an aircraft will perform much more badly (less lift, slow climb, poor engine performance) because it is operating in less dense air. |
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8. Recent Weather
This may be included if appropriate using the weather codes above, prefixed with RE (for recent). |
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9. Wind Shear
Again this will only be included if appropriate. The code WS is used followed by the runway affected. WS LDG RWY28L or WS TKOF RWY08 |
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10. Trend This is only available at selected airfields. It is intended to indicate significant changes of weather in the two hours after the observation is made. If the change is temporary then TEMPO is used followed by the predicted conditions. If the change is permanent them BECMG (Becoming) will be used. Example:
TEMPO 3000 SHRA= temporary visibility 3000 metres with rain showers. |
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Putting it all together
OK, that's the details so lets take a look at some examples. First we look again at the METAR I copied from Amsterdam earlier:
METAR EHAM 1050Z 24015KT 9000 RA SCT025 BKN040 10/09 Q1010 NOSIG
This is a typical METAR and is quite easy to decode.
The report was measured at 1050 UTC and it shows that Amsterdam was reporting a wind of 240 at 15 kts, the visibility was 9km (9000m), it was raining, cloud was scattered at 2500 ft and broken at 4000 ft. Temperature was 10C and dew point 9C, the sea level pressure (QNH) was 1010 mb and there was no significant change expected in the next two hours.
This would seem to indicate the passing of a slow frontal system across the area with only a slow improvement in weather conditions during the day. A look at nearby airport METAR information showed similar conditions.
Easy isn't it ??
A METAR can be quite brief sometimes:
METAR EGLL 0920Z 26005KT CAVOK 15/14 Q1013 NOSIG
This shows that Heathrow at 0920 UTC was giving a slight 5kt westerly wind with no cloud or visibility problems, a moderate temp of 15C and normal pressure of 1013.
On the other hand, in bad weather a METAR can look much different....
Have a look at this one at Dusseldorf in poor visibility:
METAR EDDL 1550Z 26005KT 0550 R23L/0450 FZFG OVC002 M02/M02 Q0994 BECMG OVC005
which shows a met visibility of 550 metres and a RVR reading on 23L of 450 metres in freezing fog with a 200 ft cloudbase. Temp and Dew Point are down at -2C and the trend is of little consolation with the cloud only forecast to increase to 500 feet.
Here is one for Dublin:
METAR EIDW 0900Z 24035G55KT 210V270 1700 +SHRA BKN007 OVC015CB 08/07 TEMPO 3500
A nasty cold and windy day with strong gusty 35 kt wind up to 55kts at times and swinging from 210 to 270 degrees. Visibility is reduced to 1700 metres in heavy rain showers and a low cloud cover of 700 feet and solid Cumulonimbus at 1500 ft to add to the misery. At least they expect the visibility to increase to 3500 metres even if only temporarily.
The above is an extreme illustration and the majority of reports will be simple to decode:
METAR LFPG 1250Z 28010KT 8000 HZ SCT070 BKN240 28/22 Q1003 NOSIG
That one I would be quite happy with
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